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1.
Rev. biol. trop ; 65(3): 975-987, Jul.-Sep. 2017. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-897597

ABSTRACT

Resumen: El género Vanilla comprende alrededor de 110 especies, distribuidas en las partes tropicales del mundo, y es el continente americano donde se encuentra la mayor cantidad de especies reportadas. En México, el cultivo de la vainilla está relacionado con diversas culturas como la totonaca, maya, chinanteca, mazateca, entre otras. En la actualidad, este cultivo presenta factores condicionantes tales como: técnicos, económicos, sociales, ecológicos y climáticos, que limitan su producción y la conservación de especies silvestres y cultivadas, por lo que es necesario, conocer su estado actual, en relación con su diversidad, así como algunos de los principales indicadores del perfil bioclimático de cada una de las especies, que ayuden en la toma de decisiones para su conservación y mejoramiento genético. Durante 2008, se realizaron consultas a herbarios de IPN, MEXU, XAL, base de datos de la Red Mundial de Información sobre la Biodiversidad de la CONABIO (REMIB), Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) y datos de accesiones vivas del banco de germoplasma de vainilla de la BUAP, formado del 2008 al 2014. Se realizaron mapas de distribución mediante un sistema de información geográfica. Se obtuvo el perfil bioclimático de cada especie considerando 19 variables de World Clim, y altitud a una resolución espacial de aproximadamente 1 Km2. Se calcularon las medias, desviaciones estándar y varianzas de las 19 variables en cada uno de los puntos registrados. Se obtuvieron los intervalos de las condiciones ambientales extremas (mínimo, promedio y máximo) para cada una de las especies de vainilla. Para determinar las variables de mayor importancia en la distribución de las especies se realizó un análisis de componentes principales, y a las variables que resultaron significativas se les realizó pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y Dunn. Los resultados indicaron que en México se tienen registros de V. planifolia, V. pompona, V. insignis, V. inodora V. odorata, V. cribbiana y V. sprucei distribuidas en nueve estados. V. planifolia presentó intervalos amplios de temperatura y precipitación; V. pompona, V. odorata, V. insignis y V. inodora tuvieron intervalos intermedios. La amplitud de los datos extremos de cada especie puede considerarse para ubicar los sitios donde se puedan llevar a cabo estrategias regionales de conservación ex situ y el establecimiento de cultivos. El perfil bioclimático encontrado permite inferir de manera indirecta la condición genética de cada especie que podría ser utilizada en programas de mejoramiento genético como: la alta altitud y tolerancia a bajas temperaturas (V. odorata), la tolerancia a altas temperaturas (V. inodora) y tolerancia a baja precipitación (V. odorata, V. pompona y V. planifolia).


Abstract: The genus Vanilla comprises around 110 species distributed throughout Earth's tropical regions, with the largest number of reported species growing in the American continent. Vanilla farming is associated with many Mexican cultures such as the Totonac, Mayan, Chinantec, and Mazatec, among others. Currently, this crop is threatened by technical, social, ecological, and climatic conditioning factors, limiting its production and the preservation of wild and cultivated species. It is therefore necessary to ascertain the current diversity status of each of these species, as well as some of their main bioclimatic profile indicators, in order to help decision-making, aimed at preserving and genetically improve these species. During 2008, we gathered data from IPN, MEXU, and XAL herbaria, as well as from CONABIO's World Information Network on Biodiversity (REMIB), the Global Biodiversity and Information Facility (GBIF), and we also used data from live access to BUAP's vanilla germplasm bank, obtained between 2008 and 2014. Distribution maps were generated using a geographical information system. Bioclimatic profiles for each species were obtained considering 19 WorldClim variables and altitude at a spatial resolution of approximately 1 Km2. Variance, Mean, and standard deviation for each of the 19 variables were calculated at each of the registered points. Extreme environmental condition intervals (minimum, average, and maximum) were also obtained. In order to determine the most important distribution variables of the species, we performed a principal component analysis and carried out Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests on the variables identified as significant. Results indicated records for V. planifolia, V. pompona, V. insignis, V. inodora V. odorata, V. cribbiana, and V. sprucei in Mexico, distributed throughout nine states in the country. V. planifolia presented wide intervals of temperature and rain precipitation, while V. pompona, V. odorata, V. insignis and V. inodora presented intermediate intervals. The amplitudes of extreme data for each species can be considered in locating areas where ex situ regional preservation strategies could be put in place, as well as in establishing areas for cultivation. The bioclimatic profile we found, allows for an indirect inference of each species' genetic condition, which could be used in genetic improvement programs; for instance, V. odorata grows at high altitudes and tolerates low temperatures, while V. inodora tolerates high temperatures, and V. odorata, V. pompona and V. planifolia tolerate low rain precipitation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 975-987. Epub 2017 September 01.

2.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 56(3): 357-363, May-June 2013. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-679181

ABSTRACT

In this work, fifty yeast strains, isolated from the spontaneous alcoholic fermentation of Agave duranguensis to produce mezcal, were tested using the double coupling system. These yeasts were from the genera Pichia, Torulaspora, Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Deckera, Hanseniaspora, and Candida. P. fermentans ITD00165 was the best isoamyl acetate producer, yielding 0.38 g/L of ester after incubation for 24 h, while K. marxianus ITD00211 produced 0.32 g/L of ester. Thus P. fermentans TD00165 could be considered as an excellent choice for use in optimization studies of the culture medium and bioreactor operating conditions to develop a process for biotechnological production of isoamyl acetate.

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